Light-emitting device

ABSTRACT

A light-emitting device includes: a plurality of first electrodes respectively in a first sub-pixel, a second sub-pixel, and a third sub-pixel; a second electrode facing the plurality of first electrodes; a first emission layer in the first sub-pixel and configured to emit a first color light; a second emission layer in the second sub-pixel and configured to emit a second color light; a first layer that is integrated with the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel; a first auxiliary layer between the first layer and the first emission layer; and a first intermediate layer between the first auxiliary layer and the first emission layer. The first emission layer includes a first host and a first dopant. The first dopant is configured to emit light having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of about 35 nm or more.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean PatentApplication No. 10-2019-0028266, filed on Mar. 12, 2019, in the KoreanIntellectual Property Office, the entire content of which isincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

One or more embodiments relate to a light-emitting device.

2. Description of the Related Art

Light-emitting devices may include an anode, a cathode, and an emissionlayer therebetween. Holes provided from the anode and electrons providedfrom the cathode recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons.These excitons transit (e.g., transition or relax) from an excited stateto a ground state, thereby generating light.

Light-emitting devices may be driven with a low voltage, may beimplemented to be lightweight and thin, and may have excellentcharacteristics in terms of viewing angle, contrast, and response speed.Therefore, the application range of light-emitting devices has expandedfrom personal portable devices such as MP3 players or mobile phones totelevisions (TVs).

SUMMARY

In a light-emitting device in which a common layer of the related art isapplied, two emission layers having different colors are stacked, and anintermediate layer is inserted between the two emission layers so as toprevent or reduce color mixing.

The intermediate layer functions as a hole injection layer (HIL) and ahole transport layer (HTL) of a single device. However, because theintermediate layer is in direct contact with the emission layer, anauxiliary layer in the single device is absent. Furthermore, due to theabsence of the auxiliary layer, a driving voltage may be increased by ahigh hole injection barrier, and electrons entering from the emissionlayer to the intermediate layer may not be blocked, thereby causingcolor mixing and a reduction in lifespan.

In addition, because the common layer is present, luminance varies byangle due to the difference in resonance distance between the twodifferent emission layers, as compared with a case where resonances areidentical to each other. Thus, it is difficult to secure a viewingangle.

Aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure provide alight-emitting device in which a driving voltage is reduced andluminance is increased.

Additional aspects of embodiments will be set forth in part in thedescription which follows and, in part, will be apparent from thedescription, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments.

An aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure provides alight-emitting device including:

a plurality of first electrodes respectively in a first sub-pixel, asecond sub-pixel, and a third sub-pixel;

a second electrode facing the plurality of first electrodes;

a first emission layer in the first sub-pixel and configured to emit afirst color light;

a second emission layer in the second sub-pixel and configured to emit asecond color light;

a first layer that is integrated with the first sub-pixel, the secondsub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel;

a first auxiliary layer between the first layer and the first emissionlayer; and

a first intermediate layer between the first auxiliary layer and thefirst emission layer,

wherein an absolute value of a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)energy level of the first intermediate layer is larger than an absolutevalue of a HOMO energy level of the first auxiliary layer and smallerthan an absolute value of a HOMO energy level of the first emissionlayer,

an absolute value of a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energylevel of the first intermediate layer is larger than an absolute valueof a LUMO energy level of the first auxiliary layer and smaller than anabsolute value of a LUMO energy level of the first emission layer,

the first emission layer includes a first host and a first dopant, and

a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of light emitted from the firstdopant is about 35 nm or more.

A method of measuring energy levels of a HOMO and a LUMO and a FWHM of acompound may be as follows, but the method is not limited thereto. HOMOand LUMO energy levels of a compound may be measured by using a cyclicvoltammetry device, such as a ZIVE SP2 available from Wonatech and usinga differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) program. Each sample solution andan electrolyte solution used herein may be as follows, ferrocene may beused as a standard material, and (Bu)₄NPF₆ may be used as anelectrolyte. For example, a sample solution of a compound to be measuredis a 5×10⁻³ M dichloromethane solution, a ferrocene sample solution, a(Bu)₄NPF₆ electrolyte solution, and a 0.1 M acetonitrile solution. AnE_(we)-I relationship graph of the compound to be measured and thestandard material may be drawn, wherein each tangent line is drawn frompoints at which current is drastically increased, and voltages of pointsat which the tangent lines contact an x-axis may be recorded. A HOMOenergy level of the compound to be measured may be calculated by settinga HOMO energy level of ferrocene at −4.8 eV.

In one embodiment, the FWHM of the light emitted from the first dopantmay be in a range of about 35 nm to about 50 nm.

In one embodiment, the first dopant may include an arylamine compound ora styrylamine compound.

In one embodiment, the first dopant may be a compound represented byFormula 501:

In Formula 501,

Ar₅₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xd1 to xd3 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,and

xd4 may be an integer from 1 to 6.

In one embodiment, the first intermediate layer may include a p-dopant,or may include a single film including a p-dopant.

For example, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from aquinone derivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containingcompound.

In one embodiment, the first auxiliary layer may include a holetransport compound.

For example, the hole transport compound may include at least oneselected from a compound represented by Formula 201 and a compoundrepresented by Formula 202:

In Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₄ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

L₂₀₅ may be selected from *—O—*′, *—S—*I, *—N(Q₂₀₁)-*′, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10,

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

at least one substituent of the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group,the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylenegroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, thesubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group may be selected from:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and aC₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(C₁₁)(C₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),—N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and—P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently beselected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, and a terphenyl group.

In one embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include asecond intermediate layer between the first layer and the secondemission layer.

In one embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include a thirdintermediate layer between the first electrodes and the first layer.

In one embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include afourth intermediate layer between the first intermediate layer and thefirst emission layer.

In one embodiment, an absolute value of a HOMO energy level of thefourth intermediate layer may be larger than an absolute value of a HOMOenergy level of the first intermediate layer and smaller than anabsolute value of a HOMO energy level of the first emission layer, and

an absolute value of a LUMO energy level of the fourth intermediatelayer may be larger than an absolute value of a LUMO energy level of thefirst intermediate layer and smaller than an absolute value of a LUMOenergy level of the first emission layer.

In one embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include atleast one selected from an electron injection layer and an electrontransport layer between the first emission layer and the secondelectrode and between the second emission layer and the secondelectrode.

In one embodiment, at least one selected from the electron injectionlayer and the electron transport layer may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 1:

In Formula 1,

L₁₁ to L₁₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group and a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

a11 to a13 may each independently be selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3,

R₁₁ to R₁₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

at least one substituent of the substituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, thesubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, thesubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and aC₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(C₂₁₁)(C₂₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),—N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and—P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently beselected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, and a terphenyl group.

For example, the compound represented by Formula 1 may be represented byFormula 1-1:

In Formula 1-1,

R₁₁ to R₁₃ may each independently be the same as defined in connectionwith R₁₁ to R₁₃ as described herein above,

Z₁₁ to Z₁₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, acycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenylgroup, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a silolyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, apyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, abenzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzosilolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, a naphthyl group, and a pyridinyl group, and

d4 may be an integer from 0 to 4.

For example, at least one selected from the electron injection layer andthe electron transport layer may include tri[3-(3-pyridyl)mesityl]borane(3TPYMB):

In one embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include atleast one selected from a hole injection layer and a hole transportlayer, between the first electrodes and the first layer, and

at least one selected from the hole injection layer and the holetransport layer may include a p-dopant, or may include a single filmincluding a p-dopant.

In one embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include abuffer layer between the first emission layer and the second electrodeand between the second emission layer and the second electrode.

In one embodiment, the first electrode may be an anode, and

the second electrode may be a cathode.

In one embodiment, the anode may be a reflective anode or asemi-transmissive anode, and

the cathode may be a transmissive cathode.

In one embodiment, the light-emitting device may be a top emissiondevice (e.g., a top emission type device).

In one embodiment, a region in the first layer corresponding to thethird sub-pixel may emit third color light, and

a resonance order of one selected from the first color light, the secondcolor light, and the third color light may be different from resonanceorders of the other two thereof.

In one embodiment, a region in the first layer corresponding to thethird sub-pixel may emit third color light, and

a resonance order of the first color light may be larger than or equalto resonance orders of the second color light and the third color light.

In one embodiment, the first color light may be blue light, and thesecond color light may be red light or green light, and

a region in the first layer corresponding to the third sub-pixel mayemit green light or red light.

For example, the first color light may be blue light, and the secondcolor light may be red light, and

a region in the first layer corresponding to the third sub-pixel mayemit green light.

For example, the first color light may be blue light, and the secondcolor light may be green light, and

a region in the first layer corresponding to the third sub-pixel mayemit red light.

Another aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure provides aflat panel display apparatus including: a thin-film transistor includinga source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer; and thelight-emitting device, wherein the first electrode of the light-emittingdevice is electrically coupled to at least one of the source electrodeand the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and/or other aspects of embodiments will become apparent and morereadily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments,taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting deviceaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting deviceaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a graph showing luminance at 0° and 60° of a light-emittingdevice according to Example 1;

FIG. 4 is a graph showing luminance at 0° and 60° of a light-emittingdevice according to Comparative Example 1;

FIG. 5 illustrates electroluminescence spectra of light-emitting devicesaccording to Example 1 and Comparative Example 1;

FIG. 6 illustrates electroluminescence spectra of light-emitting devicesaccording to Example 2 and Comparative Example 2; and

FIG. 7 is a graph showing green light emission colorcoordinates-efficiency of light-emitting devices of Examples 3 and 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described more fullywith reference to exemplary embodiments. The subject matter of thepresent disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms andshould not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forthherein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosurewill be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of thedisclosure to those skilled in the art. Features of embodiments of thedisclosure, and how to achieve them, will become apparent by referenceto the embodiments that will be described herein below in more detail,together with the accompanying drawings.

Hereinafter, embodiments are described in more detail by referring tothe attached drawings, and in the drawings, like reference numeralsdenote like elements, and a redundant explanation thereof will not berepeated herein.

As used herein, the terms as “first”, “second”, etc., are used only todistinguish one component from another, and such components should notbe limited by these terms.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise.

It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or“comprising,” as used herein, specify the presence of stated features orcomponents, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or moreother features or components.

It will be understood that when a layer, film, region, or plate isreferred to as being “formed on,” another layer, film, region, or plate,it can be directly or indirectly formed on the other layer, film,region, or plate. For example, intervening layers, films, regions, orplates may be present. In addition, sizes of components in the drawingsmay be exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In other words,because sizes and thicknesses of components in the drawings may bearbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation, the followingembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device100 according to an embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 1, the light-emitting device 100 according to anembodiment may include: a plurality of first electrodes 110 in a firstsub-pixel SP1, a second sub-pixel SP2, and a third sub-pixel SP3; asecond electrode 150 facing the plurality of first electrodes 110; afirst emission layer 130 a in the first sub-pixel SP1 and configured toemit a first color light; a second emission layer 130 b in the secondsub-pixel SP2 and configured to emit a second color light; a first layer130 c that is integrated with the first sub-pixel SP1, the secondsub-pixel SP2, and the third sub-pixel SP3; a first auxiliary layer 130′between the first layer 130 c and the first emission layer 130 a; and afirst intermediate layer 131 between the first auxiliary layer 130′ andthe first emission layer 130 a, wherein an absolute value of a highestoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the first intermediatelayer 131 may be larger than an absolute value of a HOMO energy level ofthe first auxiliary layer 130′ and smaller than an absolute value of aHOMO energy level of the first emission layer 130 a. Further, anabsolute value of a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energylevel of the first intermediate layer 131 may be larger than an absolutevalue of a LUMO energy level of the first auxiliary layer 130′ andsmaller than an absolute value of a LUMO energy level of the firstemission layer 130 a. The first emission layer 130 a may include a firsthost and a first dopant, and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) oflight emitted from the first dopant may be about 35 nm or more.

In a structure of a light-emitting device 100 including a common layersuch as the first layer 130 c, when the first layer 130 c emits lightwith primary resonance, the second emission layer 130 b may emit lightwith primary resonance, and the first emission layer 130 a emits lightwith secondary resonance or more. At this time, resonance of the lightbecomes strong or increased in the first emission layer 130 a, and aluminescence spectrum becomes narrow due to such resonance. Thus, avariation according to an angle increases, and luminance according to aviewing angle in a light-emitting device 100 in which R, G, and B areall driven may become unfavorable.

Therefore, in the light-emitting device 100 according to embodiments ofthe disclosure, because a first dopant configured to emit light havingan FWHM of 35 nm or more is included in the first emission layer 130 a,a change in a luminescence spectrum is minimized or reduced even whenresonance becomes strong or increased in the first emission layer 130 a,thereby preventing or reducing a deterioration in luminance according toan angle.

For example, the FWHM of light emitted from the first dopant may be in arange of about 35 nm to about 50 nm.

A material for the first dopant is not particularly limited as long asthe material is configured to emit light that satisfies the FWHM range,and an exemplary, non-limiting structure will be described herein.

In one embodiment, the light-emitting device 100 may further include asecond intermediate layer 132 between the first layer 130 c and thesecond emission layer 130 b and a third intermediate layer 133 betweenthe first electrode 110 and the first layer 130 c.

In some embodiments, the light-emitting device 100 may further includeat least one selected from a hole injection layer 121 and a holetransport layer between the first electrode 110 and the first layer 130c. The light-emitting device 100 may further include at least oneselected from an electron injection layer and an electron transportlayer 142 between the first emission layer 130 a and the secondelectrode 150 and between the second emission layer 130 b and the secondelectrode 150. The light-emitting device 100 may further include abuffer layer 141 between the first emission layer 130 a and the secondelectrode 150 and between the second emission layer 130 b and the secondelectrode 150. The foregoing layers will be described herein below inmore detail.

In one embodiment, as described herein above, the first layer 130 c isintegrated with the first sub-pixel SP1, the second sub-pixel SP2, andthe third sub-pixel SP3. For example, the first layer 130 c may be acommon layer.

For example, the first layer 130 c may be between the first electrode110 and the first emission layer 130 a and between the first electrode110 and the second emission layer 130 b.

In an example of a structure of an existing light-emitting deviceincluding two or more emission layers and a common layer, holes areinjected through the common layer, and thus, one layer is insertedbetween the lower emission layer (common layer) and the upper emissionlayer.

In one embodiment, unlike the structure of an existing light-emittingdevice, two layers, for example, the first auxiliary layer 130′ and thefirst intermediate layer 131 are included between the first layer 130 cand the first emission layer 130 a. For example, because the firstintermediate layer 131 is further included between the first auxiliarylayer 130′ and the first emission layer 130 a, the transport of holesinjected from the first layer 130 c to the first auxiliary layer 130′may be facilitated, and electrons injected through the electrontransport layer 142 to the first emission layer 130 a may be preventedfrom or reduced in crossing over the hole transport region withoutemitting light in the emission layer.

Furthermore, because an absolute value of a HOMO energy level of thefirst intermediate layer 131 is larger than an absolute value of a HOMOenergy level of the first auxiliary layer 130′ and smaller than anabsolute value of a HOMO energy level of the first emission layer 130 a,the injection of holes from the first auxiliary layer 130′ to the firstemission layer 130 a may be facilitated or improved.

In addition, because an absolute value of a LUMO energy level of thefirst intermediate layer 131 is smaller than an absolute value of a LUMOenergy level of the first emission layer 130 a, the blocking ofelectrons may be further facilitated or improved.

In one embodiment, the first emission layer 130 a may include alight-emitting material, for example, a host material, an absolute valueof a HOMO energy level of the first intermediate layer 131 may be largerthan an absolute value of a HOMO energy level of the first auxiliarylayer 130′ and smaller than an absolute value of a HOMO energy level ofthe host material included in the first emission layer 130 a, and anabsolute value of a LUMO energy level of the first intermediate layer131 may be larger than an absolute value of a LUMO energy level of thefirst auxiliary layer 130′ and smaller than an absolute value of a LUMOenergy level of the host material included in the first emission layer130 a.

The light-emitting device 100 according to the embodiment will bedescribed herein in more detail.

First Electrode 110

In FIG. 1, a substrate may be additionally under the first electrode 110or above the second electrode 150. The substrate may be a glasssubstrate or a plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanicalstrength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease ofhandling, and water resistance.

For example, when the light-emitting device 100 is a top emission device(e.g., a top emission type or a top emission kind of device) configuredto emit light in a direction opposite to the substrate, the substratedoes not essentially need to be transparent, and may be, for example,opaque, semi-transmissive, or reflective. In some embodiments, metal maybe used to form the substrate. When the substrate is formed of metal,the substrate may include at least one selected from carbon, iron,chromium, manganese, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, stainless steel(SUS), Invar alloy, an inconel alloy, and a kovar alloy.

In addition, the light-emitting device 100 may further include a bufferlayer, a thin-film transistor, an organic insulation layer, and/or thelike between the substrate and the first electrode 110.

The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing orsputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on thesubstrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material forforming the first electrode 110 may be selected from materials having ahigh work function to facilitate hole injection.

The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, asemi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the firstelectrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming afirst electrode 110 may be selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indiumzinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), and anycombinations thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, amaterial for forming a first electrode 110 may be selected frommagnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li),calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), andany combinations thereof, but embodiments of the present disclosure arenot limited thereto.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure, or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers. For example, thefirst electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO,but the structure of the first electrode 110 is not limited thereto.

For example, when the anode is a semi-transmissive anode, the anode mayinclude at least one transparent conductive layer selected from tinoxide (SnO₂), indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zincoxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In₂O₃), indium gallium oxide (IGO), andaluminum zinc oxide (AZO), and a semi-transmissive thin film having athickness of several nm to tens of nm so as to improve luminescentefficiency and including silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al),platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), indium (In), nickel (Ni),neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), lithium (Li), calcium (Ca),ytterbium (Yb), and any combination thereof.

For example, when the anode is a reflective anode, the anode may includea reflective film including Ag, Mg, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, In, Nd, Ir, Cr,Li, Ca, Yb, and/or any combination thereof, and/or a transparentconductive layer above and/or below the reflective film.

The present disclosure is not limited the foregoing. The anode mayinclude various suitable materials, and the structure of the anode maybe variously changed. For example, the anode may have a single-layeredstructure or a multi-layered structure.

A thickness of the anode may be in a range of about 50 nm to about 110nm. When the thickness of the anode is within this range, excellentlight-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantialincrease in driving voltage.

The light-emitting device 100 may further include a hole transportregion between the first electrode 110 and the first layer 130 c, and/oran electron transport region between the first emission layer 130 a andthe second electrode 150 and between the second emission layer 130 b andthe second electrode 150.

Hole Transport Region and First Auxiliary Layer 130′

The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structureincluding a single layer including a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure including a single layer including a pluralityof different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having aplurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The hole transport region may include, in addition to a hole injectionlayer 121, of FIG. 1 at least one layer selected from a hole transportlayer, an emission auxiliary layer, and an electron blocking layer.

For example, the hole transport region may have a single-layeredstructure including a single layer including a plurality of differentmaterials, or a multi-layered structure having a hole injectionlayer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/holetransport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injectionlayer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transportlayer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/holetransport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein for eachstructure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from the firstelectrode 110 in this stated order, but the structure of the holetransport region is not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, the first auxiliary layer 130′ may include ahole transport compound included in the hole transport region.

The hole transport region and the first auxiliary layer 130′ may includeat least one selected from m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB (NPD), β-NPB,TPD, spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB, methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD,4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA),polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA),poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS(polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA),polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound representedby Formula 201, and a compound represented by Formula 202:

In Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₄ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

L₂₀₅ may be selected from *—O—*′, *—S—*I, *—N(Q₂₀₁)-*′, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10, and

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In one embodiment, in Formula 202, R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may optionally belinked via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or adiphenyl-methylene group, and R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may optionally be linked viaa single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylenegroup.

In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₅ may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylenegroup, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, atriphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, anaphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, apentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, arubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, athiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, anindolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, abenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, adibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and apyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, anaphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, anindacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylenegroup, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, atriphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, anaphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, apentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, arubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, athiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, anindolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, abenzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, adibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, adibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and apyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independently be 0, 1,or 2.

In one or more embodiments, xa5 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independentlybe selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group,an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenylgroup, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group,a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, achrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenylgroup, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, arubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenylgroup, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, anisoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group,an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenylgroup, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group,a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, achrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenylgroup, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, arubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenylgroup, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, anisoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described herein above.

In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₃ inFormula 201 may each independently be selected from:

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, acyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkylgroup, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenylgroup, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 202, i) R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may belinked via a single bond, and/or ii) R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may be linked via asingle bond.

In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ inFormula 202 may each independently be selected from:

a carbazolyl group; and

a carbazolyl group substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, acarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula201A:

In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 201 may berepresented by Formula 201A(1), but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 201 may berepresented by Formula 201A-1, but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto:

In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 202 may berepresented by Formula 202A:

In one embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 202 may berepresented by Formula 202A-1:

In Formulae 201A, 201A(1), 201A-1, 202A, and 202A-1,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₃, xa1 to xa3, xa5, and R₂₀₂ to R₂₀₄ are the same asdescribed herein above,

R₂₁₁ and R₂₁₂ may each independently be the same as defined inconnection with R₂₀₃, and

R₂₁₃ to R₂₁₇ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group,a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl groupsubstituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with—F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenylgroup, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, ananthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group,a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group,an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and apyridinyl group.

The hole transport region and the first auxiliary layer 130′ may includeat least one compound selected from Compounds HT1 to HT39, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. When thehole transport region includes at least one selected from a holeinjection layer 121 and a hole transport layer, the thickness of thehole injection layer 121 may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000Å, and for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and the thickness ofthe hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000Å, and for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknessesof the hole transport region, the hole injection layer 121, and the holetransport layer are within these ranges, suitable or satisfactory holetransporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantialincrease in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency bycompensating for an optical resonance distance according to thewavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electronblocking layer may block the flow of electrons from an electrontransport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blockinglayer may include the materials as described herein above.

p-Dopant

At least one selected from the hole injection layer 121 and the holetransport layer may include a p-dopant, or may include a single filmincluding a p-dopant.

In addition, the first intermediate layer 131, the second intermediatelayer 132, and the third intermediate layer 133 may each independentlyinclude a p-dopant, or may each independently include a single filmincluding a p-dopant.

In one embodiment, the hole transport region may further include ap-dopant having a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energylevel of about −3.5 eV or less.

The p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinonederivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from:

a quinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) or2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ);

a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide;

1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN);

a compound represented by Formula 221; and

p-dopant 1,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

In Formula 221,

R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein at least oneselected from R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may have at least one substituent selectedfrom a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substitutedwith —F, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —Cl, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl groupsubstituted with —Br, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —I.

First Emission Layer 130 a, Second Emission Layer 130 b, and First Layer130 c

As described herein above, the first emission layer 130 a may include afirst host and a first dopant, and a full width at half maximum (FWHM)of light emitted from the first dopant may be about 35 nm or more. Thefirst dopant may be configured to emit a first color light.

In addition, the second emission layer 130 b and the first layer 130 cmay include a host and a dopant (e.g., may each include a host and adopant). The dopant may include at least one selected from aphosphorescent dopant and a fluorescent dopant. The dopant may beconfigured to emit second color light and third color light.

For example, the first color light to the third color light may eachindependently be selected from blue light, red light, and green light.An amount of the dopant may be in a range of about 0.01 parts by weightto about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host,but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Thicknesses of the first emission layer 130 a, the second emission layer130 b, and the first layer 130 c may each independently be in a range ofabout 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å.When the thickness of the emission layer is within this range, excellentlight-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantialincrease in driving voltage.

First Host in First Emission Layer 130 a, and Host in Second EmissionLayer 130 b and First Layer 130 c

The first host or the host may each independently include a compoundrepresented by Formula 301:[Ar₃₀₁]_(xb11)-[(L₃₀₁)_(xb1)-R₃₀₁]_(xb21).  Formula 301

In Formula 301,

Ar₃₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₃₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R₃₀₁ may be selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),—B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),

xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, and

Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, Ar₃₀₁ in Formula 301 may be selected from:

a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, abenzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, aphenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, atriphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacenegroup, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, anindenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophenegroup; and

a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, abenzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, aphenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, atriphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacenegroup, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, anindenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophenegroup, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto.

When xb11 in Formula 301 is two or more, two or more Ar₃₀₁(s) may belinked via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 301 maybe represented by Formula 301-1 or 301-2:

In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,

ring A₃₀₁ to ring A₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from a benzenering, a naphthalene ring, a phenanthrene ring, a fluoranthene ring, atriphenylene ring, a pyrene ring, a chrysene ring, a pyridine ring, apyrimidine ring, an indene ring, a fluorene ring, a spiro-bifluorenering, a benzofluorene ring, a dibenzofluorene ring, an indole ring, acarbazole ring, a benzocarbazole ring, a dibenzocarbazole ring, a furanring, a benzofuran ring, a dibenzofuran ring, a naphthofuran ring, abenzonaphthofuran ring, a dinaphthofuran ring, a thiophene ring, abenzothiophene ring, a dibenzothiophene ring, a naphthothiophene ring, abenzonaphthothiophene ring, and a dinaphthothiophene ring,

X₃₀₁ may be O, S, or N-[(L₃₀₄)_(xb4)-R₃₀₄],

R₃₁₁ to R₃₁₄ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,

L₃₀₁, xb1, R₃₀₁, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described herein above,

L₃₀₂ to L₃₀₄ may each independently be the same as defined in connectionwith L₃₀₁,

xb2 to xb4 may each independently be the same as defined in connectionwith xb1, and

R₃₀₂ to R₃₀₄ may each independently be the same as defined in connectionwith R₃₀₁.

For example, L₃₀₁ to L₃₀₄ in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2 may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolylgroup, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, abenzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, aphenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinylgroup, an azacarbazolyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described herein above.

In one embodiment, R₃₀₁ to R₃₀₄ in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2 mayeach independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described herein above.

In one or more embodiments, the first host or the host may include analkaline earth metal complex. For example, the first host or the hostmay be selected from a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), a Mgcomplex, and a Zn complex.

The first host or the host may include at least one selected from9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN),2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN),9,10-di(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN),4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene(mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), and Compounds H1 to H55,but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:

Phosphorescent Dopant in Second Emission Layer 130 b and First Layer 130c

The phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic complexrepresented by Formula 401:

In Formulae 401 and 402,

M may be selected from iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd),osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu),terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), and thulium (Tm),

L₄₀₁ may be selected from ligands represented by Formula 402, and xc1may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein, when xc1 is two or more, two or more L₄₀₁(s)may be identical to or different from each other,

L₄₀₂ may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be an integer from 0 to 4,wherein, when xc2 is two or more, two or more L₄₀₂(s) may be identicalto or different from each other,

X₄₀₁ to X₄₀₄ may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₃ may be linked via a single bond or a double bond, and X₄₀₂and X₄₀₄ may be linked via a single bond or a double bond,

A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from a C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

X₄₀₅ may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*I, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₁)-*′,*—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)═C(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, or *═C=*′,wherein Q₄₁₁ and Q₄₁₂ may be hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, or a naphthyl group,

X₄₀₆ may be a single bond, O, or S,

R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),—B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),wherein Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, and a C₁-C₂₀heteroaryl group,

xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and

*and *¹ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula 401.

In one embodiment, A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ in Formula 402 may each independentlybe selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group,a spiro-bifluorene group, an indene group, a pyrrole group, a thiophenegroup, a furan group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazolegroup, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, apyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazinegroup, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group,a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a carbazole group, abenzimidazole group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, anisobenzothiophene group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, atriazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazinegroup, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X₄₀₁ may be nitrogen, andX₄₀₂ may be carbon, or ii) X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may each be nitrogen at thesame time.

In one or more embodiments, R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ in Formula 402 may eachindependently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with atleast one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyclopentyl group,a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, and anorbornenyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, apyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, apyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, apyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

—Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), and

Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, and anaphthyl group, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 401 is two or more, twoA₄₀₁(s) in two or more L₄₀₁(s) may optionally be linked via X₄₀₇, whichis a linking group, or two A₄₀₂(s) in two or more L₄₀₁(s) may optionallybe linked via X₄₀₈, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4and PD7). X₄₀₇ and X₄₀₈ may each independently be a single bond, *—O—*′,*—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₃)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄)-*′, or*—C(Q₄₁₃)=C(Q₄₁₄)-*′ (wherein Q₄₁₃ and Q₄₁₄ may each independently behydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group),but are not limited thereto.

L₄₀₂ in Formula 401 may be a monovalent, divalent, or trivalent organicligand. For example, L₄₀₂ may be selected from halogen, diketone (forexample, acetylacetonate), carboxylic acid (for example, picolinate),—C(═O), isonitrile, —CN, and a phosphorus-containing material (forexample, phosphine or phosphite), but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may be selectedfrom, for example, Compounds PD1 to PD25, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

First Dopant in First Emission Layer 130 a and Fluorescent Dopant inSecond Emission Layer 130 b and First Layer 130 c

The first dopant may include an arylamine compound or a styrylaminecompound.

The fluorescent dopant may include an arylamine compound or astyrylamine compound.

The first dopant or the fluorescent dopant may each independentlyinclude a compound represented by Formula 501:

In Formula 501,

Ar₅₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xd1 to xd3 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,and

xd4 may be an integer from 1 to 6.

In one embodiment, Ar₅₀₁ in Formula 501 may be selected from:

a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, and an indenophenanthrenegroup; and

a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, and an indenophenanthrenegroup, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ in Formula 501 may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

In one or more embodiments, R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ in Formula 501 may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, each substituted with atleast one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenylgroup, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2, but embodimentsof the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the first dopant or the fluorescent dopant may be selectedfrom Compounds FD1 to FD22:

In one embodiment, the first dopant or the fluorescent dopant may beselected from the following compounds, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto:

Electron Transport Region

The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structureincluding a single layer including a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure including a single layer including a pluralityof different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having aplurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron transport region may further include, in addition to theelectron transport layer 142 or the buffer layer 141 shown in FIG. 1, atleast one layer selected from a hole blocking layer, an electron controllayer, and an electron injection layer, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region may have an electrontransport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blockinglayer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, anelectron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layerstructure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injectionlayer structure, wherein for each structure, constituting layers aresequentially stacked from an emission layer in this stated order.However, embodiments of the structure of the electron transport regionare not limited thereto.

The electron transport region may further optionally include, inaddition to the electron transport layer 142 shown in FIG. 1, anelectron injection layer.

At least one selected from the electron injection layer and the electrontransport layer 142 may include a compound represented by Formula 1:

In Formula 1,

L₁₁ to L₁₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

a11 to a13 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, and 3,

R₁₁ to R₁₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

at least one substituent of the substituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, thesubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, thesubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and aC₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(C₂₁₁)(C₂₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),—N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and—P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently beselected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, and a terphenyl group.

In the light-emitting device including the common layer, a drivingvoltage inevitably increases, as compared with other light-emittingdevices. In order to minimize or reduce the increase of the drivingvoltage, the third color light emitted in the common layer may beemitted with primary resonance. In this case, due to the surface plasmoneffect, the luminescent efficiency of the third color light is reduced,as compared with the case where light is emitted with secondaryresonance.

The light-emitting device 100 according to the embodiment may improvethe luminescent efficiency and/or decrease the driving voltage byincluding the compound represented by Formula 1 in the electrontransport layer 142 included in the electron transport region.

In some embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 1 has lowrefractive characteristics. When the compound is introduced into theelectron transport region, the transmittance of the electron transportregion increases, and a light-coupling effect is maximized or increased,thereby increasing luminescent efficiency.

For example, the compound represented by Formula 1 may be represented byFormula 1-1:

In Formula 1-1,

R₁₁ to R₁₃ may each independently the same as defined in connection withR₁₁ to R₁₃ as described herein above,

Z₁₁ to Z₁₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, acycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenylgroup, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a silolyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, apyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, abenzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzosilolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, a naphthyl group, and a pyridinyl group, and

d4 may be an integer from 0 to 4.

For example, at least one selected from the electron injection layer andthe electron transport layer 142 may includetri[3-(3-pyridyl)mesityl]borane (3TPYMB):

The electron transport region (for example, a buffer layer, a holeblocking layer, an electron control layer, and/or an electron transportlayer 142 in the electron transport region) may include a metal-freecompound containing at least one π electron-depleted nitrogen-containingring.

The term “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring,” as used herein,refers to a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moietyas a ring-forming moiety.

For example, the “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” may bei) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one*—N═*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups each having at leastone *—N═*′ moiety are condensed with each other (e.g., combinedtogether), or iii) a heteropolycyclic group in which at least one of5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups, each having at leastone *—N═*′ moiety, is condensed with (e.g., combined with) at least oneC₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group.

Examples of the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring include animidazole, a pyrazole, a thiazole, an isothiazole, an oxazole, anisoxazole, a pyridine, a pyrazine, a pyrimidine, a pyridazine, anindazole, a purine, a quinoline, an isoquinoline, a benzoquinoline, aphthalazine, a naphthyridine, a quinoxaline, a quinazoline, a cinnoline,a phenanthridine, an acridine, a phenanthroline, a phenazine, abenzimidazole, an isobenzothiazole, a benzoxazole, an isobenzoxazole, atriazole, a tetrazole, an oxadiazole, a triazine, a thiadiazole, animidazopyridine, an imidazopyrimidine, and an azacarbazole, but are notlimited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 601:[Ar₆₀₁]_(xe11)-[(L₆₀₁)_(xe1)-R₆₀₁]_(xe21)  Formula 601

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xe1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or anaphthyl group, and

xe21 may be an integer from 1 to 5.

In one embodiment, at least one of Ar₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe11 andR₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe21 may include the π electron-depletednitrogen-containing ring.

In one embodiment, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be selected from:

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group; and

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group,—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group.

When xe11 in Formula 601 is two or more, two or more Ar₆₀₁(s) may belinked via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be an anthracenegroup.

In one or more embodiments, a compound represented by Formula 601 may berepresented by Formula 601-1:

In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), and X₆₁₆ may be N orC(R₆₁₆), wherein at least one selected from X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may be N,

L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 may each independently be defined the same as xe1,

R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each independently be the same as described inconnection with R₆₀₁, and

R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one embodiment, L₆₀₁ and L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ in Formulae 601 and 601-1 mayeach independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolylgroup, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, abenzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, aphenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinylgroup, and an azacarbazolyl group,

but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, R₆₀₁ and R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ in Formula 601 and601-1 may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group;

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group; and

—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁) and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂), and

Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ are the same as described herein above.

The electron transport region may include at least one compound selectedfrom Compounds ET1 to ET36, but embodiments of the present disclosureare not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include atleast one selected from 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline(BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq₃, BAlq,3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole(TAZ), and NTAZ:

Thicknesses of the buffer layer 141, the hole blocking layer, and theelectron control layer may each be in a range of about 20 Å to about1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses ofthe buffer layer 141, the hole blocking layer, and the electron controllayer are within these ranges, the electron transport region may haveexcellent hole blocking characteristics or electron controlcharacteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

A thickness of the electron transport layer 142 may be in a range ofabout 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å.When the thickness of the electron transport layer 142 is within therange described herein above, the electron transport layer 142 may havesuitable or satisfactory electron transportation characteristics withouta substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer142 in the electron transport region) may further include, in additionto the materials described herein above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one selected fromalkali metal complex and alkaline earth-metal complex. The alkali metalcomplex may include a metal ion selected from a Li ion, a Na ion, a Kion, a Rb ion, and a Cs ion, and the alkaline earth-metal complex mayinclude a metal ion selected from a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Srion, and a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkalimetal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may be selected from ahydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, ahydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, ahydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy phenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, aphenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the presentdisclosure are not limited thereto.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. TheLi complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate,LiQ) or ET-D2:

The electron transport region may include an electron injection layerthat facilitates electron injection from the second electrode 150. Theelectron injection layer may directly contact (e.g., physically contact)the second electrode 150.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structureincluding a single layer including a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure including a single layer including a pluralityof different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having aplurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkalineearth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkalineearth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metalcomplex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, orany combinations thereof.

The alkali metal may be selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. In oneembodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one or moreembodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth-metal may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

The rare earth-metal may be selected from Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, and Gd.

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and therare earth metal compound may be selected from oxides and halides (forexample, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides) of the alkalimetal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal.

The alkali metal compound may be selected from alkali metal oxides, suchas Li₂O, Cs₂O, or K₂O, and alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF,KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, or KI. In one embodiment, the alkali metal compoundmay be selected from LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, NaI, CsI, and KI, butembodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from alkalineearth-metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x)O (0<x<1), orBa_(x)Ca_(1-x)O (0<x<1). In one embodiment, the alkaline earth-metalcompound may be selected from BaO, SrO, and CaO, but embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not limited thereto.

The rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, Sc₂O₃,Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃, and TbF₃. In one embodiment, the rare earth metalcompound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃, and TbI₃,but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rareearth metal complex may include an ion of alkali metal, alkalineearth-metal, and rare earth metal as described herein above, and aligand coordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, thealkaline earth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may beselected from hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxy phenylthiazole, hydroxy phenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole,hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, andcyclopentadiene, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto.

The electron injection layer may consist of (or include) an alkalimetal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metalcompound, an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound,an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earthmetal complex, or any combinations thereof, as described herein above.In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may furtherinclude an organic material. When the electron injection layer furtherincludes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal,a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metalcompound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, analkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or anycombinations thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersedin a matrix including the organic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When thethickness of the electron injection layer is within the range describedherein above, the electron injection layer may have suitable orsatisfactory electron injection characteristics without a substantialincrease in driving voltage.

Also, the electron injection layer may further include, in addition tothe materials described herein above, a metal-containing material.

Second Electrode 150

The light-emitting device 100 may include a first electrode 110 and asecond electrode 150 facing the first electrode 110. The secondelectrode 150 may be a cathode which is an electron injection electrode,and in this regard, a material for forming the second electrode 150 maybe selected from metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound,and a combination thereof, which have a relatively low work function.

The second electrode 150 may include at least one selected from lithium(Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium(Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver(Mg—Ag), ITO, and IZO, but embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited thereto. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissiveelectrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode 150 may have a single-layered structure, or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers.

For example, the first electrode 110 may be an anode, and the secondelectrode 150 may be a cathode. Here, the anode may be reflective orsemi-transmissive.

Description of FIG. 2

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device200 according to another embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 2, the light-emitting device 200 according to anotherembodiment may include: a plurality of first electrodes 210 in a firstsub-pixel SP1, a second sub-pixel SP2, and a third sub-pixel SP3; asecond electrode 250 facing the plurality of first electrodes 210; afirst emission layer 230 a in the first sub-pixel SP1 and configured toemit a first color light; a second emission layer 230 b in the secondsub-pixel SP2 and configured to emit a second color light; a first layer230 c that is integrated with the first sub-pixel SP1, the secondsub-pixel SP2, and the third sub-pixel SP3; a first auxiliary layer 230′between the first layer 230 c and the first emission layer 230 a; and afirst intermediate layer 231 between the first auxiliary layer 230′ andthe first emission layer 230 a, wherein an absolute value of a HOMOenergy level of the first intermediate layer 231 may be larger than anabsolute value of a HOMO energy level of the first auxiliary layer 230′and smaller than an absolute value of a HOMO energy level of the firstemission layer 230 a. Further, an absolute value of a LUMO energy levelof the first intermediate layer 231 may be larger than an absolute valueof a LUMO energy level of the first auxiliary layer 230′ and smallerthan an absolute value of a LUMO energy level of the first emissionlayer 230 a, the first emission layer 230 a may include a first host anda first dopant, and a FWHM of light emitted from the first dopant may beabout 35 nm or more.

Furthermore, in one embodiment, the light-emitting device 200 mayfurther include a second intermediate layer 232 between the first layer230 c and the second emission layer 230 b, and may further include athird intermediate layer 233 between the first electrode 210 and thefirst layer 230 c.

In addition, in one embodiment, the light-emitting device 200 mayfurther include at least one selected from a hole injection layer 221and a hole transport layer between the first electrode 210 and the firstlayer 230 c. The light-emitting device 200 may further include at leastone selected from an electron injection layer and an electron transportlayer 242 between the first emission layer 230 a and the secondelectrode 250 and between the second emission layer 230 b and the secondelectrode 250, and may further include a buffer layer 241 between thefirst emission layer 230 a and the second electrode 250 and between thesecond emission layer 230 b and the second electrode 250.

The first electrode 210, the second electrode 250, the first emissionlayer 230 a, the second emission layer 230 b, the first layer 230 c, thefirst auxiliary layer 230′, the first intermediate layer 231, the secondintermediate layer 232, the third intermediate layer 233, the electrontransport layer 242, and the buffer layer 241 in FIG. 2 may eachindependently be the same as described herein above with respect to thecorresponding feature of FIG. 1.

In some embodiments, the light-emitting device 200 of FIG. 2 differsfrom the light-emitting device 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 in terms ofstructure in that a fourth intermediate layer 234 is further included asan additional intermediate layer.

In some embodiments, the light-emitting device 200 may further includethe fourth intermediate layer 234 between the first intermediate layer231 and the first emission layer 230 a. At this time, an absolute valueof a HOMO energy level of the fourth intermediate layer 234 may belarger than an absolute value of a HOMO energy level of the firstintermediate layer 231 and smaller than an absolute value of a HOMOenergy level of the first emission layer 230 a, and an absolute value ofa LUMO energy level of the fourth intermediate layer 234 may be largerthan an absolute value of a LUMO energy level of the first intermediatelayer 231 and smaller than an absolute value of a LUMO energy level ofthe first emission layer 230 a.

The fourth intermediate layer 234 may be understood by referring to thedescription provided with respect to the first intermediate layer 131 tothe third intermediate layer 133 of FIG. 1.

In one embodiment, a region in the first layer 230 c corresponding tothe third sub-pixel SP3 may be configured to emit a third color light,and

a resonance order of one selected from the first color light, the secondcolor light, and the third color light may be different from resonanceorders of the other two thereof.

In one embodiment, a region in the first layer 230 c corresponding tothe third sub-pixel SP3 may emit the third color light, and

a resonance order of the first color light may be larger than or equalto resonance orders of the second color light and the third color light.

For example, i) the resonance order of the first color light issecondary, and the resonance orders of the second color light and thethird color light are primary, ii) the resonance order of the firstcolor light is tertiary, and the resonance orders of the second colorlight and the third color light are secondary, or iii) the resonanceorder of the first color light is secondary, the resonance order of thesecond color light is secondary, and the resonance order of the thirdcolor light is primary.

In one embodiment, the first color light may be blue light, the secondcolor light may be red light, and the region in the first layer 230 ccorresponding to the third sub-pixel SP3 may be configured to emit greenlight.

In one or more embodiments, the first color light may be red light, thesecond color light may be blue light, and the region in the first layer230 c corresponding to the third sub-pixel SP3 may be configured to emitgreen light.

In one or more embodiments, the first color light may be green light,the second color light may be red light, and the region in the firstlayer 230 c corresponding to the third sub-pixel SP3 may be configuredto emit blue light.

In one or more embodiments, the first color light may be red light, thesecond color light may be green light, and the region in the first layer230 c corresponding to the third sub-pixel SP3 may be configured to emitblue light.

In one or more embodiments, the first color light may be blue light, thesecond color light may be green light, and the region in the first layer230 c corresponding to the third sub-pixel SP3 may be configured to emitred light.

In one or more embodiments, the first color light may be green light,the second color light may be blue light, and the region in the firstlayer 230 c corresponding to the third sub-pixel SP3 may be configuredto emit red light.

Layers included in the light-emitting device may each be formed by usingone or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spincoating, casting, a LB method, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, andlaser-induced thermal imaging.

When layers included in the light-emitting device are each formed byvacuum deposition, the vacuum deposition may be performed at adeposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuumdegree of about 10⁻⁸ torr to about 10⁻³ torr, and a deposition speed ofabout 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec by taking into account a compositionof a material to be included in a layer to be formed, and the structureof a layer to be formed.

When layers included in the light-emitting device are each formed byspin coating, the spin coating may be, for example, performed at acoating rate of about 2,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm, and at a temperatureof about 80° C. to about 200° C. by taking into account the compound forthe layer to be spin-coated, and the structure of the layer to beformed.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group,” as used herein, refers to a linear orbranched aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethylgroup, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, atert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group.The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalentgroup having substantially the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalentgroup having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms,and a “C₆-C₆₀ arylene group” used herein refers to a divalent grouphaving a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms.Non-limiting examples of the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group include a phenyl group, anaphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenylgroup, and a chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused toeach other (e.g., combined together).

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group,” as used herein, refers to amonovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has at leastone heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom,in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclicaromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si,P, and S as a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms.Non-limiting examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group include a pyridinylgroup, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, atriazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. Whenthe C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group eachinclude two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other(e.g., combined together).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,” as usedherein, refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensedwith each other (e.g., combined together), only carbon atoms (forexample, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) as ring-forming atoms, and noaromaticity in its entire molecular structure (e.g., the entiremolecular structure is not aromatic). An example of the monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group is a fluorenyl group. The term“divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,” as used herein,refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure asthe monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,” asused herein, refers to a monovalent group having two or more ringscondensed to each other (e.g., combined together), at least oneheteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S, other than carbon atoms(for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as a ring-forming atom, andno aromaticity in its entire molecular structure (e.g., the entiremolecular structure is not aromatic). An example of the monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is a carbazolyl group. Theterm “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,” as usedherein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the samestructure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclicgroup.

The term “C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,” as used herein, refers to amonocyclic or polycyclic group having 5 to 60 carbon atoms in which aring-forming atom is a carbon atom only. The term “C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup,” as used herein, refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group or anon-aromatic carbocyclic group. The C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be aring, such as benzene, a monovalent group, such as a phenyl group, or adivalent group, such as a phenylene group. In one or more embodiments,depending on the number of substituents connected to the C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group, the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be a trivalent groupor a quadrivalent group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a grouphaving substantially the same structure as the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,except that as a ring-forming atom, at least one heteroatom selectedfrom N, O, Si, P, and S is used in addition to carbon (the number ofcarbon atoms may be in a range of 1 to 60).

In the present specification, at least one substituent of thesubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, thesubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group,the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, thesubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, the substituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substitutedC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, thesubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, thesubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selectedfrom:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and aC₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(C₁₁)(C₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),—N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and—P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently beselected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, and a terphenyl group.

The term “biphenyl group,” as used herein, refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a phenyl group.” In other words, the “biphenyl group”is a substituted phenyl group having a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group as asubstituent.

The term “terphenyl group,” as used herein, refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a biphenyl group.” In other words, the “terphenylgroup” is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group substituted with a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group.

*and *′, as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to abinding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.

EXAMPLE

In Examples and Comparative Examples, materials used for the holeinjection layer, the hole transport layer, the organic emission layer,the electron transport layer, the electron injection layer, theauxiliary layer, and the intermediate layer correspond to compoundssatisfying those described herein with respect to each layer.

Example 1

As an anode, a Corning 15 Ω/cm² (1,200 Å) ITO glass substrate was cut toa size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and purewater each for 5 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultravioletrays and ozone for 30 minutes. Then, the ITO glass substrate wasprovided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.

HT3 and HAT-CN were co-deposited on the ITO glass substrate to a weightratio of 99:1 to a thickness of 50 Å and HT3 was deposited thereon to athickness of 220 Å to form a hole injection layer having a totalthickness of 270 Å, and m-MTDATA was vacuum-deposited on the holeinjection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 50Å.

CBP (host) and Ir(ppy)₃ (green dopant) were co-deposited on the holetransport layer to a weight ratio of 94:6 to form a green emission layerhaving a thickness of 250 Å as a common layer.

Then, HT3 and m-MTDATA were co-deposited on the green emission layer ina blue sub-pixel region to a weight ratio of 99:1 to a thickness of 100Å and HT3 was additionally deposited thereon to a thickness of 690 Å toform a first auxiliary layer, HAT-CN was deposited on the firstauxiliary layer to form a first intermediate layer having a thickness of50 Å, and CBP (host) and an arylamine compound BD1 (FD14, FWHM: 35 nm)(blue dopant) were co-deposited on the first intermediate layer to aweight ratio of 97:3 to form a blue emission layer having a thickness of160 Å.

Absolute values of HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the first auxiliarylayer, the first intermediate layer, and the blue emission layer were asfollows:

First auxiliary layer: HOMO=−5.14 eV, LUMO=−1.82 eV;

First intermediate layer: HOMO=−5.37 eV, LUMO=−2.10 eV; and

Blue emission layer: HOMO=−5.61 eV, LUMO=−2.49 eV.

Then, HAT-CN was deposited on the green emission layer in a redsub-pixel region to form a second intermediate layer having a thicknessof 50 Å, and CBP (host) and Ir(btp)₂(acac) (red dopant) wereco-deposited on the second intermediate layer to a weight ratio of 97:3to form a red emission layer having a thickness of 150 Å.

At this time, the red and green emission layers emitted light withprimary resonance, and the blue emission layer emitted light withsecondary resonance.

BAlq was deposited on the emission layers to a thickness of 50 Å toprovide hole blocking layer, and Alq³ and LiQ were co-deposited thereonto a weight ratio of 1:1 to form an electron transport layer having athickness of 280 Å.

Yb was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electroninjection layer having a thickness of 13 Å, and Ag and Mg wereco-deposited thereon to a weight ratio of 9:1 to form a cathode having athickness of 130 Å, thereby forming a Yb/Ag:Mg electrode. In thismanner, a light-emitting device was manufactured.

Comparative Example 1

A light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the samemanner as in Example 1, except that BD2(5,9-diphenyl-5H,9H-[1,4]benzazaborino[2,3,4-kl] phenazaborine (FWHM: 30nm)) was used as a blue dopant.

Evaluation Example 1

A change in luminance according to an angle (based on luminance (100%)at 0°) in the red, green, and blue emission layers and the entirelight-emitting device in the light-emitting device manufacturedaccording to Example 1 was measured, and results thereof are shown inTable 1. A change in luminance according to an angle was equallymeasured with respect to the light-emitting device manufacturedaccording to Comparative Example 1, and results thereof are shown inTable 2. In addition, the luminance of the blue dopant BD1 of thelight-emitting device manufactured according to Example 1 at 0° and 60°was measured, and results thereof are shown in FIG. 3. The luminance ofthe blue dopant BD2 of the light-emitting device manufactured accordingto Comparative Example 1 at 0° and 60° was measured, and results thereofare shown in FIG. 4.

TABLE 1 Red Green Blue emission emission emission layer layer layer(primary (primary (secondary Entire light- Angle resonance) resonance)resonance) emitting device  0° 100%  100%  100%  100%  10° 99% 98% 97%98% 20° 94% 91% 87% 90% 30° 81% 80% 72% 77% 40° 70% 67% 39% 52% 50° 45%57% 29% 39% 60° 41% 51% 24% 33%

TABLE 2 Red Green Blue emission emission emission layer layer layer(primary (primary (secondary Entire light- Angle resonance) resonance)resonance) emitting device  0° 100%  100%  100%  100%  10° 99% 98% 97%98% 20° 94% 91% 88% 91% 30° 81% 80% 71% 76% 40° 70% 67% 39% 53% 50° 45%57% 13% 24% 60° 41% 51% 10% 19%

Referring to Tables 1 and 2 and FIGS. 3 and 4, it can be seen that inthe case of Example 1 in which the blue dopant BD1 configured to emitlight having a wide FWHM is applied, a reduction in luminance accordingto an angle in the blue emission layer is reduced as compared with thecase of Comparative Example 1, and a reduction in luminance according toan angle in the entire light-emitting device is reduced, which isadvantageous or beneficial to securing a wide viewing angle.

Evaluation Example 2

The electroluminescence spectrums of the light-emitting devicesmanufactured according to Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 weremeasured, and results thereof are shown in FIG. 5. From FIG. 5, it canbe seen that the light-emitting device manufactured according to Example1 has excellent luminance, as compared with the light-emitting devicemanufactured according to Comparative Example 1.

Example 2

As an anode, a Corning 15 Ω/cm² (1,200 Å) ITO glass substrate was cut toa size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and purewater each for 5 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultravioletrays and ozone for 30 minutes. Then, the ITO glass substrate wasprovided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.

HT3 and HAT-CN were co-deposited on the ITO glass substrate to a weightratio of 99:1 to a thickness of 50 Å and HT3 was deposited thereon to athickness of 220 Å to form a hole injection layer having a totalthickness of 270 Å, and m-MTDATA was vacuum-deposited on the holeinjection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 50Å.

CBP (host) and Ir(ppy)₃ (green dopant) were co-deposited on the holetransport layer to a weight ratio of 94:6 to form a green emission layerhaving a thickness of 250 Å as a common layer.

Then, HT3 and m-MTDATA were co-deposited on the green emission layer ina blue sub-pixel region to a weight ratio of 99:1 to a thickness of 100Å and HT3 was additionally deposited thereon to a thickness of 690 Å toform a first auxiliary layer, HAT-CN was deposited on the firstauxiliary layer to form a first intermediate layer having a thickness of50 Å, and CBP (host) and an arylamine compound BD1 (FD14, FWHM: 35 nm)(blue dopant) were co-deposited on the first intermediate layer to aweight ratio of 97:3 to form a blue emission layer having a thickness of160 Å.

Absolute values of HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the first auxiliarylayer, the first intermediate layer, and the blue emission layer are asfollows:

First auxiliary layer: HOMO=−5.14 eV, LUMO=−1.82 eV;

First intermediate layer: HOMO=−5.37 eV, LUMO=−2.10 eV; and

Blue emission layer: HOMO=−5.61 eV, LUMO=−2.49 eV.

Then, HAT-CN was deposited on the green emission layer in a redsub-pixel region to form a second intermediate layer having a thicknessof 50 Å, and CBP (host) and Ir(btp)₂(acac) (red dopant) wereco-deposited on the second intermediate layer to a weight ratio of 97:3to form a red emission layer having a thickness of 150 Å.

At this time, the red and green emission layers emitted light withprimary resonance, and the blue emission layer emitted light withsecondary resonance.

BAlq was deposited on the emission layers to a thickness of 50 Å toprovide hole blocking layer, and Alq³ and LiQ were co-deposited thereonto a weight ratio of 1:1 to form an electron transport layer having athickness of 280 Å.

Yb was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electroninjection layer having a thickness of 13 Å, and Ag and Mg wereco-deposited thereon to a weight ratio of 9:1 to form a cathode having athickness of 130 Å, thereby forming a Yb/Ag:Mg electrode. In thismanner, a light-emitting device was manufactured.

Comparative Example 2

As an anode, a Corning 15 Ω/cm² (1,200 Å) ITO glass substrate was cut toa size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and purewater each for 5 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultravioletrays and ozone for 30 minutes. Then, the ITO glass substrate wasprovided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.

HT3 and HAT-CN were co-deposited on the ITO glass substrate to a weightratio of 99:1 to a thickness of 50 Å and HT3 was deposited thereon to athickness of 220 Å to form a hole injection layer having a totalthickness of 270 Å, and m-MTDATA was vacuum-deposited on the holeinjection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 50Å.

CBP (host) and BD1 (blue dopant) were co-deposited on the hole transportlayer to a weight ratio of 97:3 to form a blue emission layer having athickness of 160 Å as a common layer.

Then, m-MTDATA was additionally deposited on the blue emission layer ina green sub-pixel region to form an auxiliary layer having a thicknessof 150 Å, and CBP (host) and Ir(ppy)₃ (green dopant) were co-depositedon the auxiliary layer to a weight ratio of 94:6 to form a greenemission layer having a thickness of 150 Å.

Then, HAT-CN was deposited on the blue emission layer in a red sub-pixelregion to form a second intermediate layer having a thickness of 50 Å,and CBP (host) and Ir(btp)₂(acac) (red dopant) were co-deposited on thesecond intermediate layer to a weight ratio of 97:3 to form a redemission layer having a thickness of 150 Å.

At this time, the red and blue emission layers emitted light withprimary resonance, and the green emission layer emitted light withsecondary resonance.

BAlq was deposited on the emission layers to a thickness of 50 Å toprovide hole blocking layer, and Alq³ and LiQ were co-deposited thereonto a weight ratio of 1:1 to form an electron transport layer having athickness of 280 Å.

Yb was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electroninjection layer having a thickness of 13 Å, and Ag and Mg wereco-deposited thereon to a weight ratio of 9:1 to form a cathode having athickness of 130 Å, thereby forming a Yb/Ag:Mg electrode. In thismanner, a light-emitting device was manufactured.

Evaluation Example 3

The luminescence spectrums of the light-emitting devices manufacturedaccording to Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 were measured, andresults thereof are shown in FIG. 6.

Referring to FIG. 6, in the case of the light-emitting device ofComparative Example 2 in which a blue common layer is used, a resonancedistance is not matched, and light emission occurs in the green lightemission region (500 nm to 550 nm) at the time of the blue lightemission, unlike the light-emitting device of Example 2. Therefore, areduction in luminescent efficiency and a change in luminance accordingto an angle in the light-emitting device increased in ComparativeExample 2.

Example 3

As an anode, a Corning 15 Ω/cm² (1,200 Å) ITO glass substrate was cut toa size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and purewater each for 5 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultravioletrays and ozone for 30 minutes. Then, the ITO glass substrate wasprovided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.

HT3 and HAT-CN were co-deposited on the ITO glass substrate to a weightratio of 99:1 to a thickness of 50 Å and HT3 was deposited thereon to athickness of 220 Å to form a hole injection layer having a totalthickness of 270 Å, and m-MTDATA was vacuum-deposited on the holeinjection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 50Å.

CBP (host) and Ir(ppy)₃ (green dopant) were co-deposited on the holetransport layer to a weight ratio of 94:6 to form a green emission layerhaving a thickness of 250 Å as a common layer.

Then, HT3 and m-MTDATA were co-deposited on the green emission layer ina blue sub-pixel region to a weight ratio of 99:1 to a thickness of 100Å and HT3 was additionally deposited thereon to a thickness of 690 Å toform a first auxiliary layer, HAT-CN was deposited on the firstauxiliary layer to form a first intermediate layer having a thickness of50 Å, and CBP (host) and an arylamine compound BD1 (FD14, FWHM: 35 nm)(blue dopant) were co-deposited on the first intermediate layer to aweight ratio of 97:3 to form a blue emission layer having a thickness of160 Å.

Absolute values of HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the first auxiliarylayer, the first intermediate layer, and the blue emission layer are asfollows:

First auxiliary layer: HOMO=−5.14 eV, LUMO=−1.82 eV;

First intermediate layer: HOMO=−5.37 eV, LUMO=−2.10 eV; and

Blue emission layer: HOMO=−5.61 eV, LUMO=−2.49 eV.

Then, HAT-CN was deposited on the green emission layer in a redsub-pixel region to form a second intermediate layer having a thicknessof 50 Å, and CBP (host) and Ir(btp)₂(acac) (red dopant) wereco-deposited on the second intermediate layer to a weight ratio of 97:3to form a red emission layer having a thickness of 150 Å.

At this time, the red and green emission layers emitted light withprimary resonance, and the blue emission layer emitted light withsecondary resonance.

BAlq was deposited on the emission layers to a thickness of 50 Å toprovide hole blocking layer, and Alq³ and LiQ were co-deposited thereonto a weight ratio of 1:1 to form an electron transport layer having athickness of 280 Å.

Yb was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electroninjection layer having a thickness of 13 Å, and Ag and Mg wereco-deposited thereon to a weight ratio of 9:1 to form a cathode having athickness of 130 Å, thereby forming a Yb/Ag:Mg electrode. In thismanner, a light-emitting device was manufactured.

Example 4 (Example in which Low Refractive Electron Transport Layer(ETL) is Applied)

As an anode, a Corning 15 Ω/cm² (1,200 Å) ITO glass substrate was cut toa size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and purewater each for 5 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultravioletrays and ozone for 30 minutes. Then, the ITO glass substrate wasprovided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.

HT3 and HAT-CN were co-deposited on the ITO glass substrate to a weightratio of 99:1 to a thickness of 50 Å and HT3 was deposited thereon to athickness of 220 Å to form a hole injection layer having a totalthickness of 270 Å, and m-MTDATA was vacuum-deposited on the holeinjection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 50Å.

CBP (host) and Ir(ppy)₃ (green dopant) were co-deposited on the holetransport layer to a weight ratio of 94:6 to form a green emission layerhaving a thickness of 250 Å as a common layer.

Then, HT3 and m-MTDATA were co-deposited on the green emission layer ina blue sub-pixel region to a weight ratio of 99:1 to a thickness of 100Å and HT3 was additionally deposited thereon to a thickness of 690 Å toform a first auxiliary layer, HAT-CN was deposited on the firstauxiliary layer to form a first intermediate layer having a thickness of50 Å, and CBP (host) and an arylamine compound BD1 (FD14, FWHM: 35 nm)(blue dopant) were co-deposited on the first intermediate layer to aweight ratio of 97:3 to form a blue emission layer having a thickness of160 Å.

Absolute values of HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the first auxiliarylayer, the first intermediate layer, and the blue emission layer are asfollows:

First auxiliary layer: HOMO=−5.14 eV, LUMO=−1.82 eV;

First intermediate layer: HOMO=−5.37 eV, LUMO=−2.10 eV; and

Blue emission layer: HOMO=−5.61 eV, LUMO=−2.49 eV.

Then, HAT-CN was deposited on the green emission layer in a redsub-pixel region to form a second intermediate layer having a thicknessof 50 Å, and CBP (host) and Ir(btp)₂(acac) (red dopant) wereco-deposited on the second intermediate layer to a weight ratio of 97:3to form a red emission layer having a thickness of 150 Å.

At this time, the red and green emission layers emitted light withprimary resonance, and the blue emission layer emitted light withsecondary resonance.

BAlq was deposited on the emission layers to a thickness of 50 Å toprovide hole blocking layer, and 3TPYMB was deposited thereon to form anelectron transport layer having a thickness of 280 Å.

Yb was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electroninjection layer having a thickness of 13 Å, and Ag and Mg wereco-deposited thereon to a weight ratio of 9:1 to form a cathode having athickness of 130 Å, thereby forming a Yb/Ag:Mg electrode. In thismanner, a light-emitting device was manufactured.

Evaluation Example 4

FIG. 7 is a graph showing green light emission colorcoordinates-efficiency of the light-emitting devices manufacturedaccording to Examples 3 and 4.

Referring to FIG. 7, it can be seen that the efficiency of thelight-emitting device manufactured according to Example 4 is higher thanthe efficiency of the light-emitting device manufactured according toExample 3.

According to one or more embodiments, it is possible to implement alight-emitting device in which a driving voltage is reduced andluminance is increased. The scope of the present disclosure, however, isnot limited by such an effect.

It should be understood that embodiments described herein should beconsidered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes oflimitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodimentshould be considered as available for other similar features or aspectsin other embodiments.

Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “under,”“above,” “upper,” and the like, may be used herein for ease ofexplanation to describe one element or feature's relationship to anotherelement(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will beunderstood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompassdifferent orientations of the device in use or in operation, in additionto the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the devicein the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or“beneath” or “under” other elements or features would then be oriented“above” the other elements or features. Thus, the example terms “below”and “under” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. Thedevice may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or at otherorientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein shouldbe interpreted accordingly.

As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations ofone or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “atleast one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire listof elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.

As used herein, the terms “substantially,” “about,” and similar termsare used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and areintended to account for the inherent deviations in measured orcalculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill inthe art. Further, the use of “may” when describing embodiments of thepresent disclosure refers to “one or more embodiments of the presentdisclosure.” As used herein, the terms “use,” “using,” and “used” may beconsidered synonymous with the terms “utilize,” “utilizing,” and“utilized,” respectively. Also, the term “exemplary” is intended torefer to an example or illustration.

Also, any numerical range recited herein is intended to include allsub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recitedrange. For example, a range of “1.0 to 10.0” is intended to include allsubranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 andthe recited maximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equalto or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0,such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitationrecited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitationssubsumed therein, and any minimum numerical limitation recited in thisspecification is intended to include all higher numerical limitationssubsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amendthis specification, including the claims, to expressly recite anysub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.

While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to thefigures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the artthat various changes in form and details may be made therein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as definedby the following claims, and equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A light-emitting device comprising: a pluralityof first electrodes respectively in a first sub-pixel, a secondsub-pixel, and a third sub-pixel; a second electrode facing theplurality of first electrodes; a first emission layer in the firstsub-pixel and configured to emit a first color light; a second emissionlayer in the second sub-pixel and configured to emit a second colorlight; a first layer that is integrated with the first sub-pixel, thesecond sub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel; a first auxiliary layerbetween the first layer and the first emission layer; and a firstintermediate layer between the first auxiliary layer and the firstemission layer, wherein an absolute value of a highest occupiedmolecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the first intermediate layer islarger than an absolute value of a HOMO energy level of the firstauxiliary layer and smaller than an absolute value of a HOMO energylevel of the first emission layer, an absolute value of a lowestunoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the firstintermediate layer is larger than an absolute value of a LUMO energylevel of the first auxiliary layer and smaller than an absolute value ofa LUMO energy level of the first emission layer, the first emissionlayer comprises a first host and a first dopant, and the first dopant isconfigured to emit light having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) ofabout 35 nm or more.
 2. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein:the first dopant is configured to emit light having a FWHM in a range ofabout 35 nm to about 50 nm.
 3. The light-emitting device of claim 1,wherein: the first dopant is a compound represented by Formula 501:

wherein, in Formula 501, Ar₅₀₁ is a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclicgroup, L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ are each independently selected from a substitutedor unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,xd1 to xd3 are each independently an integer from 0 to 3, R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,and xd4 is an integer from 1 to
 6. 4. The light-emitting device of claim1, wherein: the first intermediate layer comprises a p-dopant, orcomprises a single film comprising a p-dopant.
 5. The light-emittingdevice of claim 1, wherein: the first auxiliary layer comprises a holetransport compound.
 6. The light-emitting device of claim 1, furthercomprising a second intermediate layer between the first layer and thesecond emission layer.
 7. The light-emitting device of claim 1, furthercomprising a third intermediate layer between the plurality of firstelectrodes and the first layer.
 8. The light-emitting device of claim 1,further comprising a fourth intermediate layer between the firstintermediate layer and the first emission layer.
 9. The light-emittingdevice of claim 1, further comprising at least one selected from anelectron injection layer and an electron transport layer, between thefirst emission layer and the second electrode and between the secondemission layer and the second electrode.
 10. The light-emitting deviceof claim 9, wherein: at least one selected from the electron injectionlayer and the electron transport layer comprises a compound representedby Formula 1:

wherein, in Formula 1, L₁₁ to L₁₃ are each independently selected from asubstituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group and a substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a11 to a13 are eachindependently selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3, R₁₁ to R₁₃ are eachindependently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,at least one substituent of the substituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, thesubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, thesubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is selected from:deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and aC₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, aC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂); a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least oneselected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazonogroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),—B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, aC₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, aC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclicgroup, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group.
 11. The light-emittingdevice of claim 10, wherein: the compound represented by Formula 1 isrepresented by Formula 1-1:

wherein, in Formula 1-1, R₁₁ to R₁₃ are each independently the same asdefined in connection with R₁₁ to R₁₃ in claim 10, Z₁₁ to Z₁₃ are eachindependently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, ahydroxyl group, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxygroup, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, acyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, athiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a silolyl group, an imidazolyl group,a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, apyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a pyridinyl group, andd4 is an integer from 0 to
 4. 12. The light-emitting device of claim 1,further comprising at least one selected from a hole injection layer anda hole transport layer, between the plurality of first electrodes andthe first layer, wherein at least one selected from the hole injectionlayer and the hole transport layer comprises a p-dopant, or comprises asingle film comprising a p-dopant.
 13. The light-emitting device ofclaim 1, further comprising a buffer layer between the first emissionlayer and the second electrode and between the second emission layer andthe second electrode.
 14. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein:the first electrode is an anode, and the second electrode is a cathode.15. The light-emitting device of claim 14, wherein: the anode is areflective anode or a semi-transmissive anode, and the cathode is atransmissive cathode.
 16. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein:the light-emitting device is a top emission device.
 17. Thelight-emitting device of claim 1, wherein: a region in the first layercorresponding to the third sub-pixel is configured to emit a third colorlight, and a resonance order of one selected from the first color light,the second color light, and the third color light is different fromresonance orders of the other two thereof.
 18. The light-emitting deviceof claim 1, wherein: a region in the first layer corresponding to thethird sub-pixel is configured to emit a third color light, and aresonance order of the first color light is larger than or equal toresonance orders of the second color light and the third color light.19. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein: the first color lightis blue light, and the second color light is red light or green light,and a region in the first layer corresponding to the third sub-pixel isconfigured to emit green light or red light.
 20. A flat panel displayapparatus comprising: a thin-film transistor comprising a sourceelectrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer; and thelight-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first electrode of thelight-emitting device is electrically coupled to at least one of thesource electrode and the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.